How to properly twist wires in a distribution box. How to properly connect wires in a junction box (copper and aluminum) (video). Why use a junction box

Connecting the wires in the junction box requires special care. Not only the reliable operation of electrical appliances, but also the safety of the premises depends on how correctly the work is done.

Wires from the electrical panel are distributed to individual rooms of the apartment or house. Moreover, each room usually has not one, but several connection points (sockets and switches). To standardize the connection of conductors and concentrate them in one place, distribution boxes are used (their other names are “junction boxes” or “branch boxes”). The boxes contain cables from all consuming devices.

The wires in the box are not laid chaotically, but in accordance with clear rules prescribed in the Electrical Installation Rules (PUE). According to the requirements of the PUE, all connections of wires in the box, as well as branches, are made only inside the junction box. The conductors are directed along the top of the wall, but no closer than 15 centimeters from the ceiling. When the cable reaches the branch section, it descends strictly vertically. At the branch site there is a distribution box. The connections in it are made according to the existing diagram.

Junction boxes are classified by installation type. There are internal and external junction boxes. There is a niche in the wall for hidden-mounted boxes. Only the cover remains on the surface, which is installed flush with the finishing material. It is allowed to cover the lid with decorative panels. If the thickness of the walls or other circumstances do not allow the installation of an internal junction box, it is mounted directly on the wall.

The distribution box can be rectangular or round. The number of pins is usually four, but in some cases there are additional pins. Each outlet is equipped with a fitting or thread for securing a corrugated hose. The presence of such a hose or plastic pipe greatly simplifies the process of laying and replacing wires. To replace the wires, it will be enough to disconnect the hose or pipe from the junction box and the consumer, and then pull it out. After replacing the conductors, the hose is returned to its place. If the wires are located in a groove, you will need to break up the layer of plaster, which is much more labor-intensive.

The use of junction boxes leads to the following positive results:

1. The maintainability of the electricity supply system increases. Since all connections are easily accessible, it is much easier to find the damaged area.
2. The overwhelming majority of faults are found at joints. Since all connections are concentrated in one place, it is easier to carry out preventive inspections.
3. Thanks to junction boxes, the degree of fire safety increases.
4. The use of junction boxes allows you to save money and reduce labor costs when laying cables.

Methods for connecting conductors

There are many options for connecting wires in a junction box. The choice of a specific method depends on the following factors:

• the material from which the cores are made (steel, copper, aluminum);
• environmental conditions (outdoor/indoor, working in land or water, etc.);
• number of wires;
• coincidence or mismatch of the cross-section of the cores.

Taking into account these parameters, the most suitable technique is selected.

The following methods are used to connect wires in the junction box:

• terminal blocks;
• Wago spring terminals;
• self-insulating clips (PPE, or plastic caps);
• twisting;
• crimping with sleeves;
• soldering;
• "nuts";
• bolted connections.

Below we will consider the features of each of the listed methods.

Terminal blocks

Terminals are devices made of plastic, the inside of which contains a brass bushing. There are screws on both sides of the bushing.

To connect the wires to each other, you need to insert a conductor on each side of the terminal block and secure them tightly with screws. This joining method is most common in distribution boxes, as well as when installing lighting fixtures, sockets and switches.

Note! The inlet holes of the terminal blocks differ in diameter depending on the cross-section of the conductors intended for them.

Advantages of the method:

• low cost of terminal blocks;
• simplicity and convenience of installation work;
• reliability of conductor fixation;
• the ability to connect poorly compatible materials such as copper and aluminum.

Disadvantages of the method:

1. The pads offered for sale are often of low quality, which is discovered during mating and forces the products to be rejected.
2. Only two wires can be connected.
3. Terminal blocks are not suitable for aluminum or stranded conductor because aluminum is brittle and the stranded conductor strands are too thin.
4. Although the method is reliable, a better connection can be obtained, for example, by soldering.

Wago terminals

Wago spring terminal blocks are one of the most popular devices used in connecting wires.

Unlike standard terminal blocks, in Wago docking is carried out not with screws, but with the help of a special mechanism. The device is equipped with a lever that allows you to secure the conductor while maintaining its integrity. Before using Wago, you need to remove the insulating layer. Next, the cores are directed into the block hole.

Note! There are both disposable and reusable pads on the market. Disposable fasteners mean that they can only be used once, and if the wire is replaced, the pads become unusable. Reusable terminals are more expensive, but can be easily removed and then reused for their intended purpose.

Advantages of Wago spring pads:

1. You can connect both conductors from the same metal and dissimilar materials.
2. It is possible to connect multiple cores (three or more).
3. When fixing multi-core conductors, thin wires do not break.
4. The pads are small in size.
5. Working with pads does not take up extra time, the process is not labor-intensive.
6. The fastening is of high quality.
7. The block has a hole for an indicator screwdriver to monitor the functioning of the electrical network.

Wago has one drawback - the high cost of products.

Self-insulating clips (PPE)

A self-insulating clip (or connecting insulating clip) is a plastic cap, inside of which there is a special spring for fixing the wire.

The advantages of PPE include the following characteristics:

1. Low cost.
2. The products are made from non-flammable plastic, therefore, there is no danger of spontaneous combustion of electrical wiring at the junction point.
3. Easy installation.
4. A wide variety of color shades, which allows you to color-code phase, neutral and ground.

The disadvantages of PPE include:

• low fastening and insulating qualities;
• impossibility of using for connecting aluminum and copper conductors.

Crimping with sleeves

Connecting wires in a junction box using sleeves is considered a method that ensures high quality connections. The essence of the technique is to place the stripped cores in a special tube (sleeve), which is then subjected to crimping by crimping. Next, the sleeve is treated with insulating material, for which heat-shrinkable tubing or regular insulating tape is used. Wires can be inserted from both ends of the tube, or only from one end. In the first case, the joint will be located in the middle part of the sleeve, but in the second case it is necessary that the total cross-section of the cores is no larger than the cross-section of the sleeve.

Advantages of crimping:

1. The connection is of high quality and reliable insulation.
2. Affordable prices for sleeves.

Disadvantages of crimping:

1. The sleeve cannot be replaced once removed - it is a one-time use attachment.
2. The connection will require the use of specialized tools (crimping pliers, pipe cutter).
3. Crimping of aluminum and copper wires is possible only with the help of a specially designed sleeve.
4. The work is labor intensive.

Soldering

Connection using soldering is considered the highest quality of all possible. Before docking, you need to thoroughly clean the conductors. Next, the bare ends are treated with molten solder, after which the wires are immersed in the bath. When the conductors have cooled, insulating material (cambric or electrical tape) is applied to them.

Note! The cooling process should not take place in cold weather, since as a result of too rapid cooling, the material will become covered with microcracks, which will greatly deteriorate the quality of fixation of the conductors.

As already mentioned, the main advantage of soldering is the unsurpassed quality of the connection.

Disadvantages of the technique:

1. A specialized tool is required, as well as skills to handle it.
2. The work requires significant labor costs.
3. The connection is permanent, that is, disposable.
4. There are restrictions on the use of soldering, which are detailed in the PUE.
5. Over time, soldering resistance increases, which is reflected in the form of voltage loss and electrical conductivity.

Thus, despite the reliability of the connection, specialists rarely turn to soldering.

Welding is sometimes used instead of soldering. The essence of this method is the same as in the case of soldering. The only difference is the need for different skills, namely the ability to work with a welding machine.

Twist

Connecting wires in a junction box using the most primitive method - twisting - is not used so often due to significant limitations: poor quality of fastening and the impossibility of joining aluminum and copper conductors. However, twisting is still sometimes found, since it is attractive due to its ease of implementation, as well as the lack of financial costs. Most often, twisting is used when laying temporary electrical wiring. It is recommended to use cambrics as an insulating material.

Note! Twisting is unacceptable in rooms with high humidity, as well as in wooden buildings.

Walnut clamp

The “nut” is a cable clamp with two plates and four bolts in the corners. Before connecting, the insulation is removed from the wires. Next, the conductors are fixed in the plate and covered with a carbolite shell.

Benefits of "nut":

1. Low costs.
2. Installing the “nut” is not very difficult.
3. It is possible to connect dissimilar materials (aluminum and copper).
4. High quality insulation.

Disadvantages of this method:

1. The fasteners weaken over time and need to be tightened regularly.
2. The “nut” is not the best method of mounting in a distribution box due to the excessive dimensions of the connection.

Bolted connection

Bolting is a very simple but effective way of connecting conductors to each other. To complete the job, you only need a bolt, three washers and a nut. The diagram for connecting the wires in the junction box using a bolt is shown in the picture below.

A washer is threaded onto the bolt thread. Next, the core is wound (the insulation must first be removed). After this, the thread is laid with a second washer and another core. At the end, a third washer is placed, which is pressed with a nut. The connection must be covered with insulating material.

The bolted connection has the following advantages:

• low cost;
• ease of implementation;
• the ability to connect products made of copper and aluminum.

Disadvantages of connecting conductors with bolts:

1. Insufficient quality of fixation.
2. You will need a lot of insulating material.
3. The bolt is too large and may not fit into the junction box.

Solving other problems

The connection of stranded wires has a number of features.

Connecting many wires

Options for connecting two contacts were discussed above. If we are talking about connecting multiple contacts, it is recommended to choose among the following options (in order of priority - from the best method to the worst):

• Wago terminal blocks;
• crimping with sleeves;
• rations;
• twists;
• insulating tape.

The rules for docking using the indicated methods, as well as their advantages and disadvantages, are discussed above.

Docking of cores with different sections

To combine cores of unequal cross-sections in a junction box, you will need Wago terminal blocks, although you can get by with standard terminal blocks - the latter option will be cheaper. In this case, it is necessary to secure the cores tightly using a screw or lever.

Note! If the wires not only have different sections, but are also made of different metals, you will need special pads, inside of which there is a special composition to prevent oxidative processes. Similar pads are available in the Wago range.

Cores with different sections can also be secured by soldering.

Joining of stranded and single-core conductors

The combination of conductors with one and multiple cores is carried out in the same way as all others. In this regard, you can choose any of the above methods, but the highest priority is soldering or terminals (preferably Wago).

Procedure for carrying out work in land and water

It is not so rare that there is a need to lay electrical wiring underground or underwater. Let us briefly dwell on the features of performing electrical installation work under these conditions.

Wires can be laid in water, for example, when installing a submersible pump. In this case, soldering of the wire ends is necessary. Next, the connection is treated with insulating material (hot glue), and heat shrink is put on top. If the technology is followed, the joint will be very reliable and safe. However, if you are careless, it will end in a short circuit.

Wiring in the ground is protected in the same way as described above, however, to obtain a secure connection, a more advanced technique can be used. The ends of the cable should be pressed with a terminal block, and the sealed junction box should be filled with silicone. It is recommended to place the underground pipeline in a durable box or pipe to prevent acts of pestilence by rodents. Damaged cable ends are best joined using couplings.

Basic wiring diagrams

Above we talked in some detail about how to connect the wires in the junction box. However, the work is not limited to connecting wires in the junction box. You also need to connect the wires to sockets and switches.

Connecting sockets

A group of sockets is usually separated into an independent line. There are three wires in the box, each of which has a color specific to its purpose. Brown is usually live, blue is neutral, and green/yellow is ground. In some cases other colors are used. For example, phase is red, zero is blue, ground is green.

Before laying, the wires are laid out to their full length and trimmed so that they are the same length. It is necessary to have 10-12 centimeters of reserve - just in case. The connection of conductors is carried out using one of the methods described above.

If only a pair of wires is involved (where grounding is not used), then we are talking about neutral and phase. If the conductors are the same color, you first need to find the phase using a multimeter. For convenience, it is better to mark the phase wire with electrical tape or a marker.

Connecting a one-button switch

In the case of a switch, there are also three groups, but the connection is made a little differently. There are three inputs: from the junction box or electrical panel, from the lighting fixture, from the switch. The phase wire is connected to the switch button. From the output of the switch the wire is directed to the lamp. In this case, the lighting device will only work when the switch contacts are closed.

Connecting a two-button switch

In two-key switches, the circuit is somewhat more complex. A three-wire cable must go to the switch serving two groups of lighting fixtures (if grounding is not used). One conductor is assigned to the common contact of the switch, the remaining two are directed to the output of the buttons. The phase is combined with the common contact of the switch. The neutral wires from the input and two groups of lighting fixtures are connected. Phase wires from lighting fixtures and two conductors from the switch are combined in pairs: one from the switch to the phase of one of the lamps, the second from the switch to the other lamp.

All cables coming from electrical panels in the walls or boxes in the floor or in the attic come to distribution boxes, where they are twisted, soldered, welded or connected with clamps. In this article I want to show how to connect the most common connections, this is a single-key, two-key, feed-through connection switch.

And so, having laid the cables at the junction, hidden or overhead distribution boxes are installed, inserting the ends of the cables into them, the hidden ones are coated with plaster or glue, the overhead ones are covered with 2 dowel nails, then the top insulation of the endings is removed, the excess length of the wire is cut off, about 3-4 cm is stripped for twisting wires, and at the end they are twisted, insulated with PPE, we arrange the connections by placing them in different corners of the box.

Connection diagrams, cable connections in the junction box

The easiest way to connect wires in a distribution box that only feed sockets is to twist all the cables by color, but if at least one switch is connected, the circuit becomes more complicated.

Distribution connection example boxes with one single-key switch

Single Key Switch Connections

two-gang switch and socket

• there should be 4 spikes

Junction box installation: Video

How to connect a switch from an outlet with your own hands

We connect the switch from the outlet

Connecting a switch from an outlet is a procedure that, although not very complicated, often helps solve a lot of problems.

First of all, this concerns issues of additional connection of lighting systems.

Indeed, thanks to this connection, we can significantly save not only on wires, but also on the amount of additional work, such as gating walls.

Therefore, if you are faced with the problem of connecting additional lighting and do not want to renovate the room in a new way, this option will be the ideal solution.

Preparatory work

Before proceeding directly to the connection process, you should complete a number of preparatory work and decide on the location of the future switch.

Preparatory work includes work related to the selection of the wire, the switch itself and the circuit that it will power.

Wire selection

Before connecting a switch from an outlet, we should correctly select the wire with which the connection will be made.

After all, choosing the right wire will significantly reduce the likelihood of a fire or other breakdowns.

• To select a wire, we need to know the rated power of the electrical appliances being switched, from which it is then not difficult to derive the rated current. This is done according to the formula.

  Detailed socket connection diagram

  where I is the rated current, P is the rated power, and U is the rated voltage, which for a single-phase network is 220V.

• Having calculated the rated current, we can use table 1.3.4 PUE for copper conductors or table. 1.3.5 for aluminum wires, to select their nominal cross-section (see Calculating the wire cross-section by power).

Summary table for selecting conductor cross-section by rated current

Note!

In most cases, when you connect a switch from an outlet, it switches one or two light bulbs. Because of this, the rated current is small and according to the table. 1.3.4 and 1.3.5, you can use a small cross-section wire. But according to the table. 7.1.1 PUE, the cross-section of this wire in any case cannot be less than 1 mm 2 for copper wire or 2.5 mm 2 for aluminum.

• Another aspect to consider when choosing a wire is the way it is laid.

  Indeed, if it is laid indoors in an open way on insulators, according to Table 2.1.1 of the Electrical Installation Regulations, its minimum cross-section should be 1.5 and 4 mm 2, respectively, for copper and aluminum wire.

• If the wire will be used for external laying in an open manner on rollers or insulators, then its cross-section in general should be no less than 2.5 and 4 mm 2, respectively, for copper and aluminum wire.

Switch selection

Before you power the switch from the outlet, it is important to choose the right switch itself.

This aspect is often neglected, which is why switches often fail. This aspect is especially important if the switch will switch large loads.

• First of all, we select the switch according to the rated current.

  When choosing a wire, we have already calculated the rated current of our network, therefore, using the same numbers, we select the rated current of the switch. Currently there are 6, 10 and 16A models on the market.

  More powerful switches can be found, but they are rare.

• The next important selection factor is the method of mounting the switch. For hidden wiring, a recessed version of the switch is used, and for open wiring, respectively, with an outer box.

  Here the choice depends entirely on the method of laying your electrical wiring. The only exceptions are bathrooms and showers, in which paragraph 12.22 of VSN 59 - 88 recommends using only hidden wiring. But given that it is prohibited to place switches in these rooms, the method of installing the switch can be any at your discretion.

The photo shows different types of switches

• Our instructions also advise taking into account the installation location of the switch.

  For outdoor installation, switches with IP no lower than 44 should be used. Of course, it is better to use switches with a higher degree of dust and moisture protection, but the price of such models increases in proportion to the level of protection.

We connect the switch from the outlet

There are two options for how to power the switch from an outlet.

These methods are not fundamentally different, and by and large the choice of each of them is made based on the location of the lamps themselves.

If the lamp is located next to a switch or socket, then it is advisable to connect the “zero” directly from the latter.

If the lamp is far enough away, then in order to save wires and be more aesthetically pleasing, it is better to connect the neutral wire in a junction box.

Connecting the phase and neutral wires from the outlet

The easiest way to make a switch from an outlet is to power both the phase and neutral wires directly from the contacts of the latter.

This method will be very convenient when the lamp is located in close proximity to the switch.

• To do this yourself, you first need to mount the lamp and switch. Only after this should you proceed directly to the connection.
• At the first stage, remove the voltage from the outlet. This can be done using a group circuit breaker for a specific group.

  If you do not provide for division into groups, then you will have to relieve the tension from the entire apartment.

• At the next stage, we open the outlet to which we will connect. and check that there is no voltage.
• If the wiring in your apartment or house is made in accordance with clause 1.1.29 of the PUE, then the blue wire is the neutral wire, the yellow-green wire is the protective wire, and the third wire is the phase wire.

  If you have not completed the color designation, then briefly apply voltage to identify the wires.

• Now we connect a wire to the phase contact of the socket, which we attach with the other end to the input of the switch. We connect a wire to the switch terminal that is connected directly to the lamp.

Connection diagram for phase and neutral wires from the socket

Note!

If a two- or three-key switch is used, then the wires from the switch terminals are connected to the corresponding lamps. The rest of the connection diagram is identical.

• We attach a wire to the zero contact of the socket, the other end of which is attached to the terminal of the lamp. We also connect the protective wire to the corresponding contact of the lamp.
• This completes our connection.

  Now we can lay the wires, insulate the live parts and apply voltage to test our circuit.

Connecting only the phase wire from the outlet

Since only the phase wire opens in the switch, sometimes it is much easier to take only the phase wire from the outlet.

It is easier to connect the neutral wire directly in the distribution box closest to the lamp.

Thanks to this, you will not only save wires, but also greatly facilitate the task of laying wires.

• Before connecting the switch from the socket, as in the first option, you should remove the voltage from the socket.

  In addition, we should remove the voltage from all wires passing through the junction box in which the neutral wire will be connected.

• Now we open the socket and check that there is no voltage. We attach a wire to the phase terminal of the socket, which is also connected to the input of the switch. And we connect the wire from the switch output directly to the lamp.
• Now we open the junction box.

  Determine the neutral wire. Perhaps it will even be a whole busbar with neutral wires. We connect a wire to it, which we then connect to the lamp. In the same way, we connect the protective wire to the corresponding contacts in the lamp and in the distribution box.

• After laying and insulating the wires, you can apply voltage and test the performance of our circuit.

Diagram for connecting a switch from an outlet using only a phase wire

Note!

Due to the fact that for normal operation of the switch only one phase wire is needed, the question: how to remove the socket from the switch has a clear answer - no way. Unfortunately, you cannot connect an outlet from the switch.

It is only possible to connect the phase wire, and the neutral wire from the distribution box. But this option is not the most optimal. After all, often the current on the socket is much higher than on the lighting network, and the small cross-section wire of the lighting network will simply burn out when connecting the socket to it.

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Parallel and series connection of sockets and switches: how to connect a grounded socket

Installing and connecting sockets and switches with your own hands is a simple process that can be performed with certain knowledge.

When installing electrical wiring in an apartment, you need to know what the socket connection diagram is. In addition to installing simple single-phase electrical outlets with or without grounding, three-phase electrical outlets are required for individual electrical appliances operating on a 380-volt network.

Currently, the most common are socket blocks of several units or a block of socket and switch. All units of the socket group are connected only using a parallel connection; they cannot be connected in series in the block.

Of the parallel connections, the most popular is connecting the socket with a cable.

Connection diagram for socket and switch: loop, series, parallel

Let's look at how to connect an outlet or a multi-unit unit.

You can connect electrical outlets in parallel via a junction box or using terminals; this method is also called a daisy chain connection. When connecting electrical outlets with a cable, the cable is connected to the first unit of the block, and the cable for the next block is powered from the last. For a daisy chain connection, mandatory independent disconnections of the socket are required. To do this, the conductors are connected to the neutral conductors through terminals or soldering.

Zero and phase are connected to the first electrical outlet. A clamp is placed on the grounding wire, from which a grounding wire is supplied to each of the units.

How to connect wires in a junction box

To connect the second socket block, you need to connect the phase and working zero from the last unit of the first block, and the ground wire into the compressor.

Now let's look at connecting a conventional single-key switch.

To do this, we connect the phase wire to the switch using a clamp marked with an English “L” or an “outward” arrow; we connect the zero to a clamp with an “inward” arrow or the letter “N”. We screw both wires securely. Since grounding is not used in switches, we cut off the excess wire and insulate it.

Another pressing question: “How to connect a switch from an outlet”?

To do this, it is better to use a block consisting of an electrical outlet and one or more switches. A new cable is laid from the junction box. One core of the cable carries the phase to the switch, and the other leads the working “zero” to the socket. The remaining conductors pass to the lamps through switches. 3-wire wires (zero, ground and phase) are laid from the junction box to the lamps.

How to connect a double socket and a triple socket, three-phase and with three wires (grounding)

When connecting a double or triple socket block, the power wires are connected to different conductive plates.

If these are separate electrical outlets, we connect them using a parallel connection, for example a cable, as described above.

Now let's look at how to connect a grounded (three-phase) outlet. All three-phase electrical outlets are distinguished by the presence of four contacts for a three-phase plug (the fourth is ground or zero).

The grounded outlet is connected using a separate four-wire electrical wiring (three phases, ground and neutral), stretched from the electrical panel. The wires are connected to similar contacts on the electrical outlet.

Learn more about connecting outlets

Why is serial connection so rarely used?

If you are wondering how to connect sockets in series, then you should remember that such a scheme has two unpleasant features:

• The voltage in the assembled circuit increases from the first outlet to the subsequent ones.

  And an increase in voltage, in turn, leads to increased heating of sockets and plugs, as well as to excess load on electrical appliances.

• Since the circuit involves powering each outlet from the previous one, damage to one of them will lead to the failure of all those coming after it.

It makes sense to use serial connection of sockets in cases where these power points will be used for low-power electrical appliances - small lamps, phone and laptop chargers, hair dryers, etc.

d. For three-phase power outlets in the kitchen, such a scheme can be simply dangerous.

Why is parallel connection better?

Parallel connection of sockets, as opposed to serial, ensures the independence of each power point. The voltage will always be uniform - no matter how many sockets are involved in the circuit. And the performance of each individual power point does not affect all the others at all. This scheme is the most stable and safe for household appliances, but has one drawback - greater wire consumption.

Parallel connection is used not only on free-standing sockets, but also in blocks of two or more pieces.

All the advantages of such a scheme are retained in this case. True, the connection process itself will be more labor-intensive and lengthy.

How to connect a switch and socket?

The connection diagram of the switch and socket may be different. For example, this is how it will look for a block of socket and switch:

1. From distribution

   we pull a three- or, if there is no grounding, a two-wire cable from the box to the block. We connect phase, neutral, and ground, if any, to the socket.

2. Next, we clamp the phase from the socket into the terminals of the switch.
3. We pull the phase from the switch to the lamp and connect them that way.
4. From distribution boxes to the lamps we lay zero and ground.

And one more diagram. It is not complicated, and is suitable for a switch located separately from the outlet:

1. From the socket, the phase is carried through the switch and connected to the lamps.
2. Zero and ground for lamps also extend from the outlet.

As you can see, the circuits are different, but they have one general rule: the phase must be broken by a switch.

Grounded socket: what to do if the wiring is two-wire?

Connecting a grounded outlet will not be difficult if the wiring in the apartment or house is three-wire.

But in buildings where the network was installed many years ago, the wiring, as a rule, has two cores: phase and zero. In this case, the problem can be solved in two ways:

• There is always a distribution panel on the landing with grounding.

  It is necessary to extend the contact from it into the apartment, and distribute the grounding through the bus throughout the apartment. It is better to use a wire with a copper core.

• Performing the so-called “zeroing”.

  Here a zero is connected to the ground contact terminals. This method should be used only as a last resort, as problems may arise in the operation of grounded outlets.

How to connect a socket with wires?

There is nothing complicated about how to connect wires to an outlet. First, we prepare the wire: remove the outer insulation by about 10 cm, and strip the cores by 1.5 cm.

This is done with a special tool or any convenient knife. Remove the protective plastic cover from the socket, and then unscrew the clamping screws so that there is a space of approx. 5 mm. We also unscrew the screw on the ground terminal. The electrical outlet is now ready for connection. We put the stripped wires - phase, neutral and ground, one at a time into their socket and tighten them tightly with screws.

There is another option for attaching wires to the outlet.

We strip each core to 2 cm and roll the exposed ends into rings with such a diameter that the screw legs fit into them. We unscrew each screw one by one and place the ends of the wires twisted into rings under it. Insert the screw back and tighten tightly. This assembly is more reliable, but takes more time.

How to connect a triple switch?

The triple socket is connected in parallel or serial way, they are described above.

The triple switch can also be connected in two ways:

1. From the outlet. Zero and ground to the lamps come from the outlet or from the distribution box.
2. From the junction box. The phase goes to the switch and is connected to the key terminals.

   Then the conductors return to the distribution box and from there they are routed to the lamps. Zero and ground go from the box to the lamps directly.

The second method is preferable, since in the first case, if the socket fails, the switch will also stop working.

How to connect a double socket if the wiring is made for a single one?

To work, you will need a double socket with a double socket box, a piece of three-core cable (approx.

25 cm) and tools for cutting and stripping wires. The connection is made like this:

• We pull the wires into the left socket of the socket box.
• We cut off a piece of cable and strip the wires at both ends.
• We insert the cable into the socket so that its ends come out of both sockets.
• In the left socket we twist the wiring cores with the cable cores in pairs - phase with phase, zero with zero, etc.

Next, we connect the wires to the sockets in the usual manner.

When planning energy supply at a facility, one of the important issues is saving materials. Laying a separate power line from the circuit breaker to each consumer is irrational, so nodal points and branching wires are made on the power main. Each additional connection requires the installation of a junction box.

What is a distribution (junction) box

This is an electrical product, which is a closed housing made of metal or dielectric material. The second option is preferable, provided that the material is sufficiently reliable from a fire safety point of view. That is, it must be non-flammable, or at least not support combustion.

Inside, power cables and supply wires are connected for consumers or switching devices. The junction box must provide protection for internal connections from dust, moisture, and foreign objects. In addition, the product prevents accidental contact with exposed areas of the electrical circuit (current-carrying busbars, contacts).

The shape of the box, as well as its dimensions, are not regulated - the format of the product is selected based on the installation conditions. However, manufacturers adhere to certain standards for compatibility with various fittings and components.

Types of distribution boxes

Based on the body material, boxes are divided into:

1. Metal - for installation in rooms built from flammable materials (wood, plastic), or on walls insulated with flammable material. They may have a dielectric layer inside to reduce the likelihood of unauthorized contact closure.
2. Plastic are the most common due to their low manufacturing cost. They are made either from non-flammable material, for use in conditions of high fire danger, or from materials that do not support combustion. That is, the junction box in any design should not become a source of fire, even if the wiring ignites inside.

According to installation conditions:

Junction boxes can be equipped with a ready-made set of connectors for wires. Or you buy an empty case, and the fittings are selected separately.

DIY distribution box installation

Since we are talking about savings, let's look at how to properly connect the distribution box to the general electrical network. Before installing wires in the junction box, it should be securely fastened. The installation method varies depending on the type of box. One thing in common: before starting work, careful calculations are carried out and markings are applied, which are then recorded on the energy supply diagram of the room.

Layout

To begin, make a flowchart that makes it clear which consumer groups need to be created. Then the power on each branch is calculated.

There are two methods of load distribution:

Hidden installation

Wiring is laid between the nodal points (where the boxes are installed). Since the installation is hidden, the walls are grooved for the cable, and the boxes are installed on alabaster. The prepared wires are removed from the installed boxes for connection. The length of the free ends should provide the possibility of connection without interference, and allow for 2-3 alterations (with cutting off the used conductors).

The method of connection does not matter (soldered twist in the illustration), the main thing is to understand the principle itself. For cables, the flush-mounted boxes have marked holes. In this case, tightness is not required; there will be a wall and plaster around it. The secret is that alabaster, diluted to a creamy consistency, when installing the box, fills all the cracks, grooves and extra holes.

The result is a monolith with dielectric walls. The planting depth is calculated taking into account the thickness of the wallpaper and the shape of the lid.

Outdoor installation

The principle of connecting the wiring is the same, but the installation is done differently. First, the junction boxes are installed, then the external cable is connected to them. Since the housing provides protection from dust and moisture, the cables are routed inside using sealing clamps.

For outdoor installation, collet clamps are used.

The wires must be color-coded: in single-phase versions, zero, phase, and protective grounding. It is not possible (especially before connecting the ends of the cable) to hang tags indicating the purpose of the wires. After final installation, it is enough to record the purpose of the wires on the diagram. You can stick short symbols on the inside of the cover for ease of further maintenance.

If the methods of how to disconnect a distribution box on a power line are clear: we simply connect the input and output wires by color, then connecting a switch is a completely different scheme.

Various ways to connect switches and lighting fixtures

Methods for connecting wires in junction boxes

Putting the wires inside the box is half the battle. Now you need to choose a connection that is reliable and easy to maintain.

All cable line connections are divided into two main categories:

• Detachable, that is, the wiring can be disconnected and reconnected many times, without critical damage to the wire or connecting device. For example, a screw connection on terminal blocks.
• One-piece, that is, when the conductors are separated. the connection is destroyed. There is no big problem with this, it’s just that the cable gets shorter each time, and the connecting devices have to be purchased again.

The type of splicing when disconnecting boxes is selected based on the design of the overall network. If you plan to periodically disconnect one or two branches from a common box, it is better to choose a screw connection or reusable quick-release terminals.

For permanent connections that will not be dismantled for many years, the same terminals are used, only for one-time use. Despite the obvious drawback: the impossibility of reuse, such terminals provide more reliable contact compared to reusable ones.

Important! The listed methods allow you to install cables using different conductors: for example, aluminum and copper. In this case, the metals do not touch, and electrocorrosion does not threaten loss of contact.

If you use only copper conductor both in the backbone network and in subscriber branches, there are cheaper ways to permanently connect the wires:

Direct connection (disconnection)

Is it possible to organize electrical wiring without junction boxes? When branching no more than 2 lines, it’s easy. Several conditions must be met:

Bottom line

No matter how you install distribution boxes, you need to remember the main thing - the cross-section of the cable must correspond to the operating current of the circuit breaker at the input to the line.

Video on the topic

Connecting wires in a junction box: video instructions. One of the main difficulties that arise in the process of installing electrical wiring with your own hands is the need to connect the wires in the distribution box for electrical wiring. In order to prevent common mistakes and, as a result, malfunction of switches or sockets, we will consider each stage of independent work.

A distribution box is the best way to ensure the operation of all electrical appliances in the house.

What is an Electrical Junction Box for?

Almost every person, one way or another, has an idea of ​​what a junction box looks like. But not everyone knows why it is actually needed and how it works. Let's consider the general data that we know about this electrical wiring element.

Distribution boxes vary depending on their shape, as well as the specific application. Some of them are rectangular in shape and some are round. This setting does not affect functionality in any way.

Connecting and twisting electrical wires in a junction box

As for the features of application, there are:

• distribution boxes for hidden wiring;
• distribution boxes for open wiring.

They differ from each other in the method of fastening, some features of the device, and in some cases, in size. In any case, they have one single purpose - routing wires from the panel to separately located points of energy consumption, for example, switches, lamps, sockets. At the same time, the distribution of electricity must be uniform to avoid interruptions in the operation of devices.

To achieve this goal, electrical wiring is divided into separate lines or so-called groups. Separate wires are laid in each room, which will supply the devices with electricity, ensuring their operation. It is at this stage that distribution boxes appear. They are installed at nodal points where the wires are connected to each other.

It is necessary to buy a distribution box for electrical wiring, first of all, for fire safety reasons. Since it is at the places where the wires are connected that the risk of a fire is greatest. If contact is broken, the resistance increases and the connection begins to heat up. In some cases, this may cause a fire.

Plastic distribution box for home

External electrical distribution boxes serve as an insulating layer between a potential fire source and surrounding objects. In addition, they also have a significant aesthetic role, hiding not always beautiful wire connections from view.

Is it possible to do without installation junction boxes?

Some argue that the presence of distribution boxes in the house is not at all necessary. But in fact, in order to do without them, it is necessary to lay a separate wire from the panel to each place where electricity is consumed. To do this, you will need to make many grooves in the wall that are deep and wide enough to lay wires in them in several rows. All this will entail additional costs of finance and effort.

If, when refusing to use junction boxes, you are guided by the fact that laying separate wires generally eliminates the presence of connections in the electrical wiring, and therefore is safer, then there is a good answer from experts. The connection of wires, carried out in accordance with all standards and the wiring diagram in the junction box, does not pose a danger. In any case, you can always turn to specialists for help.

Any work related to electricity requires a serious, competent approach.

Junction box: sizes and prices

Each installation junction box has a number of its own characteristics, among which size and price play a special role. Let's consider the three most popular options that are usually installed in residential buildings:

1. Distribution box 100x100x50 mm IP54.
2. Distribution box 80x80x40 mm for outdoor installation IP55.
3. Junction box IP65 88x88x53 mm.

The first option is one of the most accessible and at the same time widespread. For example, a Tyco distribution box can be purchased for only 50 rubles. Its low cost is due to domestic production, as well as minimal configuration (body and cover).

The second option also has a minimum cost - 46 rubles. It is made of propylene and LDPE. Of course, it cannot be said that it will ever be able to compete with metal junction boxes, but it more than fulfills its function of protecting wires from precipitation and wind.

Distribution box 80x80x40 mm for outdoor installation IP55

The third option, made in Germany, will cost you a little more, about 211 rubles. At the same time, the characteristics and dimensions of the distribution box are not much different from the first two options. However, according to the manufacturer Hensel, the plastic used to make their products is of very high quality and meets all the requirements for electrical wiring elements.

Of course, these are all fairly simple and cheap options. Electrical distribution boxes with terminals will cost many times more. But even here we can say that their price is justified by the ease of connecting the wires and their further maintenance.

Helpful advice! If you don't want to skimp on safety, then you should consider purchasing an explosion-proof junction box.

Various types and types of junction boxes

Terminals occupy a special place in the arrangement of electrical wiring. Installation of a distribution box of this type is the easiest and does not require special skills. The bottom line is that the box is already equipped with special clamps that are designed to connect wires. Compared to conventional ones, such distribution boxes have a number of advantages:

• installation and dismantling of conductors is carried out much faster, and there is no need to use any additional tools;
• thanks to the use of a special paste, you can connect wires made of different materials, for example, copper and aluminum;
• a special wire placement system helps maintain order in the box, which reduces the risk of a short circuit to zero;
• The special design makes it easy to measure current without the need to remove insulating materials from the wires and does not affect the integrity of the system at all.

Junction box with terminals

For open wiring, these types of junction boxes have become the most popular option. After all, the absence of the need to twist and connect the wires yourself made using the terminals very convenient. Today there are many different options on sale, including an explosion-proof terminal box.

Connecting wires in a junction box for electrical wiring in various ways

It is generally accepted that good contact is the result of correct connection of wires to each other. If the work was not done well enough, this will immediately become noticeable due to weak contact or its complete absence. In addition, problems can arise at the moment when you plug in some fairly powerful device.

All this, of course, causes a lot of discomfort. And it is much easier to take care of this in advance, at the stage of installing electrical wiring, than to try to solve this problem over time. Let's look at the most popular ways to connect wires to each other:

• twisting wires in the junction box;
• crimping;
• welding;
• commissure;
• use of contact screw clamps;
• bolted connections;
• self-clamps.

Bolted wire connections in a junction box

All these methods are quite simple to implement and do not require special skills. Let's look at each of them in more detail to get an idea of ​​how best to connect the wires in the junction box.

How to properly connect wires in a junction box

In order to independently carry out all the work correctly, you should take into account only one main requirement that applies to the installation of distribution boxes: it is necessary to ensure free access to all wire connection points. This is necessary in case one of the sockets or switches malfunctions.

Note! If during initial installation the junction box is hidden behind the finishing coating, then at the first malfunction you will have to completely remove it in order to carry out repairs.

Distribution boxes must be placed so that they can be easily accessed if necessary.

The problem may not always be hidden there, but it will never be superfluous to check the presence of contact. Therefore, think through everything in advance so that any repair work can be carried out as easily and quickly as possible. In this case, connecting the wires in the junction box can be done in any way convenient for you, which will be discussed below.

Connecting wires in a junction box by twisting and crimping

Almost everyone knows how to twist cleaned wire ends. However, if we are talking about connecting wires in a junction box, it is worth remembering the regulatory documents that cover this issue.

Twisting is considered an unreliable connection option, since the contact area is very small, and you cannot count on full contact between the wires. In addition, over time, even this small contact tends to weaken, which makes it impossible to use powerful devices that place a serious load on the system.

A much more reliable method is considered to be crimping, for which a special connecting sleeve is used. The main parameter for its selection is the thickness of all the wires that will be placed in it. The material of manufacture can be either copper or aluminum, and the choice depends on what material the wires themselves are made of.

Stripping and crimping wires with sleeves

In order to ensure fixation, a special tool is used to compress the sleeve. This can only be done with press tongs. It is strictly not recommended to use pliers for this. Otherwise, this technology fully complies with all standards and requirements stipulated by regulatory documentation.

Here's how to connect the wires in this way:

• the insulation is stripped from the wires taking into account the required length, that is, the length of the sleeve used;
• the stripped ends of the wires are twisted and inserted into the sleeve;
• the sleeve is crimped using press pliers;
• The joint is insulated using electrical tape or heat shrink.

by welding

This method is considered to be very reliable, since the result is a single whole wire that is practically resistant to oxidation. By fusing the wires together, you get reliable contact that will not weaken over time. However, the implementation of this method is a little more complicated than the previous one, because you will need welding equipment and the ability to handle it.

List of tools that are necessary for wire welding work:

• a welding machine with a power of at least 1 kW and rated at 24 W;
• carbon electrode;
• rosin or flux, which will further protect the metal part of the wires from oxidation;
• personal protective equipment: glasses and gloves for welding.

If you have at least minimal skills in working with a welding machine, as well as all of the above components, further stages of work will not be particularly difficult for you. The insulation is removed from the wires, and their interior is cleaned with sandpaper until shiny.

Connecting wires by welding

After this, twist the wires in the traditional way and pour flux into the recess of the electrode. Press the wires against it and hold until you see a ball appear, the so-called contact point. After this, the process of connecting the wires can be considered complete. All that remains is to clean the joint from excess flux, varnish and insulate.

Connecting wires in a junction box using soldering

At first glance, this method is similar to the welding method, but it has a significant difference. Solder melted with a soldering iron is used to solder the wires together. This is an authorized method that ensures a reliable connection. Its only drawback is that it is not very reliable in places where the wires are subject to strong heat.

Note! If you do not know how to solder, then it is better not to use this method. The connection may turn out to be too fragile, and with the slightest mechanical load or tension, the wires may simply break at the point of soldering.

In order to solder the wires you will need:

• soldering iron;
• tin-lead solder;
• rosin or flux;
• if using flux, use a special brush for it;
• fine sandpaper.

Connecting electrical wires by soldering

For the most part, the process of connecting wires is the same as in the case of welding. But it’s not the metal itself that melts, but only the solder. In this case, you need to carefully ensure that the molten solder flows inside the twist for a more reliable fastening. For the most part, this method is used to work with copper wires, however, provided you have special solder, the same can be done with aluminum ones.

Use of screw terminals and bolted connections

Using screw terminals is a fairly common method that is used by many due to its simplicity and convenience. However, it also has its disadvantages, which are useful to know about before starting work.

Initially, screw clamps were used to connect different metals that should not touch each other. For example, it could be copper and aluminum, which, in the presence of moisture, begin to interact with each other. Over time, this method began to be used for connecting wires. And it was even fixed at the level of regulatory documentation.

Note! When using this method on aluminum wires, you need to be aware that they will require periodic crimping to ensure that the contact does not lose or weaken over time.

Bolted connections are also quite often used to connect wires, however, if we are talking about hiding them afterwards in a junction box, then this method can be considered inappropriate. It's all about the cumbersome connections.

Connecting wires with connecting insulating clamps

In order to connect the wires in this way, you need to insert a steel washer between them. This happens in the following sequence: a washer is put on the bolt, then one of the wires is put on, and then another washer. This is followed by a second wire and a nut that tightens the system. Of course, all this also requires good insulation, so the connection volume is decent.

Helpful advice! This method has its advantages - it is well suited for joining different metals, since a special paste can be placed inside to prevent oxidation processes.

Installation of distribution box for electrical wiring

Having figured out the ways in which wires can be fastened together, let’s look at how to install the system itself using the example of an IP55 distribution box for outdoor installation 100x100x50 mm.

Most often, installation is carried out in a blank wall made of brick or concrete. This may cause some difficulties as you drill a niche for it, but the system will be securely fixed. If the box has round holes, then you can use special drill bits. For rectangular or square ones, use a grinder with a special diamond blade designed for working with concrete.

After the niche is ready, be sure to try on the junction box for it to make sure that everything is prepared correctly. The distribution box must be completely placed in the wall so that after installation its front surface is at the same level as the wall.

Some junction boxes have special plugs that are specifically designed to insert cables in these places. They must be carefully broken or cut out, while maintaining the integrity of the overall structure. The ends of the electrical wiring are inserted into them according to the diagram.

Installation of external distribution box

Once you are sure that all the wires have been inserted into the junction box, you can begin preparing the mortar to fix it. The fixation principle is very simple:

• a certain amount of solution is placed into the niche prepared for the junction box using a spatula;
• the box with the cables already installed is pressed inside as deeply as possible;
• excess solution protruding from the sides is removed;
• if there is such a need, the box can be held with your hand in the first few minutes to allow the solution to set a little.

Helpful advice! Instead of mortar, you can use alabaster. It dries much faster and at the same time can withstand the weight of the box just as well.

Both when working with the installation of a junction box for open wiring, and in the case when we are talking about a closed system, high-quality installation largely determines the life and quality of service of the electrical wiring. The main thing in working with electricity is to correctly assess your capabilities and, if necessary, seek help from professional electricians.

Absolutely any electrical wiring diagram is accompanied by branches and connections of wires and cables. To do this, you need to purchase a distribution box - it is made of polymer material, looks quite aesthetically pleasing, is located under the ceiling and can have a square or round shape.

Table of contents:

Why use a junction box

Indeed, many novice builders and repairmen ask this question - “packing” wires and their connections/branches is a rather tedious, painstaking and slow task. Agree, it is much easier to twist all the wires in the right places, insert them into the wall and plaster this place. But before making such a decision, you should heed the warnings of experts:

1. There is no free access to the wires. But it may happen that a socket or switch in a room stops working - how can you check where exactly there is no voltage? Open up the entire wall, remove finishing materials, trench the surface? This is definitely not a way out of the situation - the repair will be completely ruined, and everything will have to be redone.
2. There is a need to install an additional socket or another switch. It is inconvenient to connect such devices from already installed and working sockets/switches - it is from the distribution box that you can lay the necessary wires, practically and quickly.
3. Neglecting to install the distribution box means violating regulatory documents. Yes, the PES regulatory document clearly states:

“All connections and branches of wires and cables must always be accessible for inspection and repair.”

1. Compliance with fire safety. The distribution box is one of the conditions for ensuring the fire safety of the premises.

In general, a distribution box is definitely needed, especially since installing it is not difficult even for an absolute beginner in construction and repair work. But the most important step remains - connecting all the wires, and you need to know the types of such connections.

How to connect wires in a box

The connection of the wires must fulfill the task of full and durable contact of all wires - the chain does not break, and there is no risk of a short circuit. And you can ensure the connection at the required level in the following ways:

• welding;
• twist;
• soldering;
• bolted connection;
• crimping with a connecting sleeve;
• use of self-clamping terminals;
• use of screw terminals for contact.

These methods have been tested over the years, each of them can be used, but only in accordance with the rules for carrying out such specific work.

Twisting wires in a junction box

This option is chosen because of the simplicity of the work. After all, it is enough to just strip 10-20 mm of wires from the insulation and twist them with pliers. This is how our ancestors connected wires! But officially such a connection of wires is prohibited - it is sensitive to pulse current, has a high transition resistance, and with use the contact will become worse and then burn out completely.

Note:You should not connect the wires in the junction box using the twisting method, although many craftsmen still do this. The fact is that in critical situations (for example, a fire due to a short circuit), all responsibility for what happened falls on the shoulders of the owner of the square meters.

Wire crimping

This method requires purchasing a special connecting sleeve, which can be made of copper (suitable for connecting copper wires) or aluminum (optimal for working with aluminum wires). Pressure testing of the connecting sleeve must be carried out using press pliers.

This method of connecting wires in a junction box is quite reliable; it is included in the group permitted by regulatory documents.

Wire crimping technology:

• the insulating material is removed from the wires to a length equal to the length of the connecting sleeve;
• the wires are twisted into a bundle and inserted directly into the sleeve;
• the sleeve is pressed using press pliers;
• the connection is insulated with insulating tape or heat shrink.

Note:It is not recommended to carry out crimping using ordinary pliers - the connection of the wires will not be reliable.

Welding wires

This method is considered reliable and safe, since the wires are connected by melting and as a result become one. And such a solid wire will not oxidize, which means that the connection will not weaken, the contact will remain strong.

To carry out such work, you need not only to have welding skills, but also to have the following tool available:

• welding machine (its power must be more than 1 kW);
• protective equipment – ​​glasses (or mask), gloves;
• a small piece of sandpaper - you will need it to strip the wires;
• stationery knife - it is easy to remove insulation from wires;
• electrode (carbon);
• flux - it protects the melt from air.

Wire welding technology:

It is noteworthy that such a connection lasts a long time; in some Khrushchev apartments, such wires have been in use for 50 years or more.

Soldering wires

This connection method is identical to welding, but the wires are secured together using solder. To carry out the work you will need the following tool:

• soldering iron;
• sandpaper (fine);
• rosin (flux);
• tin-lead solder;
• brush - used to apply rosin to the wires.

The work is performed using the same technology as welding:

1. The insulation is removed from the wires, everything is cleaned to a shine.
2. The wires are twisted together.
3. Rosin (flux) is applied to the wires.
4. The soldering iron melts the tin-lead solder - it should flow directly into the twist.

Note:Copper wires are connected to each other using the soldering method, but for aluminum wires you will need to purchase special solder.

Screw terminals

This method is modern, practical and simple. It is with the help of contact clamps that copper and aluminum wires can be connected to each other, although this is not practiced.

To connect wires using screw terminals, you only need to take 2 steps:

• Insulation is removed from the wires - no more than 5 mm;
• the prepared wires are inserted into the clamp and the screw is tightened.

Note:Do not tighten the screw with great force - you can damage the wires, which especially often happens with aluminum wires. If the work is carried out with a stranded wire, then the connection will need to be carefully crimped so that the contact is complete.

Bolted connection of wires in a box

This connection method is reliable, but very cumbersome - it is not suitable for modern distribution boxes, but it is quite suitable for Soviet-style boxes. By the way, in this way you can connect wires from different materials to each other.

Bolted connection technology:

1. A steel washer is placed on the bolt.
2. The insulating material is removed from the wires, after which you need to form them into a ring.
3. The first ring is put on the bolt.
4. A second steel washer is placed on the bolt immediately behind the wire.
5. The second wire is put on top.
6. The resulting structure is clamped with a nut.
7. All wires/connections are insulated.

If the task is to connect several pairs of wires, then it is better not to use this method.

Self-clamping terminals

You need to buy special terminals - inside they contain a paste that prevents the wires from oxidizing, so absolutely any metal can be inserted into the terminals.

Technology for working with self-clamping terminals:

1. 10 mm of insulating material must be removed from each wire.
2. There is a small lever on the clip - you need to lift it up.
3. The wires are inserted into the connector.
4. The raised lever is put into place (lowered).