Presentation on the topic "Nikolaev Russia". Domestic policy of Nicholas I. Socio-economic development. Fragments from the presentation
Slide 1
Purpose of the lesson: to characterize the socio-economic development of Russia during the reign of Alexander II. Determine the impact of reforms on the formation of capitalist relations. Topic: Socio-economic development of the country during the reign of Alexander II (§ 21)Slide 2
1. Development of agriculture The process was slowed down by the existing feudal features of the reform: The temporary obligation of the peasants. The main part of the land (land) belongs to the landowner. Abolition of serfdom Capitalist form of management Transition period (perestroika) Capitalism is necessary 1. Hired labor 2. Money for: payment to employees; purchasing your own equipment; labor - livestock.
Slide 3
Under the terms of the reform, landowners received large sums, but: many were unable to invest them in business, letting them go “to the wind”; the state withheld money for existing debts. Therefore, the WORKING SYSTEM was used. The peasant cultivated the landowner's unleased land with his equipment, which was his payment for the leased plots. Forced to rent out land to peasants!
Slide 4
Peasants They couldn’t refuse rent because the plots were too small They paid various taxes (≈ 30 rubles - an unaffordable amount) Having received freedom, they were not equal in rights with the landowners TITABLE CLASS (taxes per person, regardless of his income)
Slide 5
2. Development of industry As a result of the liberation of the peasants, the expected growth of industry did not follow. Reason: Possessive peasants, hating forced labor, abandoned factories and went to the countryside to reduce production. In the cotton industry there is a crisis - rising world prices for cotton. The problem was resolved after the annexation of Central Asia to Russia. Bottom line: despite the difficulties, the Russian economy has been rebuilt in 10 years, largely thanks to the state’s targeted economic policy. A layer of large manufacturers appeared in the country.
Slide 6
Reorganization of the banking system. State Bank - lending to the most important industries. Private banks in Moscow and St. Petersburg have a huge influence on economic development. Moscow Merchant Bank (V.A. Kokorev). Volzhsko-Kama Bank - financing of industrial enterprises in Russia. 3. Government financial policy – 60-70s. V. Makovsky. "Bank Collapse"
Slide 7
4. Railway construction The development of banks is closely related to the construction of railways. This was explained by: 1. Understanding the reasons for the defeat in the Crimean War. 2. The desire to increase grain exports by connecting the center with the provinces. 3. Creation of a program to attract private and foreign capital. Make up a story based on the picture
5. Industrial rise Con. 60s - industrial boom. Ser. 80s - completion of the industrial revolution. The main bases of metallurgy are the Urals and Donbass. Baku - oil production. The development of mechanical engineering - in St. Petersburg (Putilovsky plant), in Kolomna - the production of steam locomotives. Textile industry. (After what events did Russia emerge from the crisis in this area?) Over 30 years, textile production has increased 30 times. The number of workers has increased 1.5 times over 15 years and amounted to 1 million people. From this time on, the struggle of the proletariat for rights began (1872 - Krenholm Manufactory (Estonia) - the first strike in the history of Russia).
Socio-economic development of Russia in the first half of the 19th century
- a history teacher
- and social studies Lyceum No. 10
- named after D.I. MENDELEEV
- NIKITINA L.N.
- Klin 2009
- Municipal educational institution Lyceum No. 10 DI. MENDELEEV
- 1. INTRODUCTION TO THE FEATURES OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIA AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 19TH CENTURY.
- 2.IMPROVEMENT OF SKILLS IN WORKING WITH MAPS, HISTORICAL SOURCES, ANALYZING AND MAKING CONCLUSIONS BASED ON TABLES AND DIAGRAMS.
- 3.STRENGTHEN ATTENTION TO STUDENTS’ INDEPENDENT COGNITIVE ACTIVITY.
- 1. The territory of Russia in the first half of the 19th century.
- 2. Composition of the population.
- 3. Social structure of Russian society.
- 4. Economic development of Russia in the first half of the 19th century.
- TERRITORIES JOINTED TO RUSSIA IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY
- GEORGIA, NORTH AZERBAIJAN, DAGESTAN
- 1804-1813
- FINLAND
- 1808-1809
- KINGDOM OF POLISH
- 1814-1815
- BESSARABIA
- (to the Prut River) - 1812
- Russia by the middle of the 19th century -
- continental country,
- 6th piece of sushi
- 18 million sq. km.
- Divided into 69 provinces
- Provinces - 10-12 districts
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- In the first half of the 19th century. in Russia, the growth of small-scale crafts and the development of peasant crafts continued.
- The craft gradually changed its character. Now artisans were closely connected with manufactories, and later
- and with factories, which allows us to talk about its
- capitalist character.
- CAPITALIST PRODUCTION DID NOT ARISE IN RUSSIA BECAUSE SERVITY EXISTED AND FOLLOWED LABOR WAS USED IN MANUFACTORIES, WHICH WAS NOT EFFECTIVE.
- Features of the formation of the Russian proletariat
- Most Russian hired workers remained serfs who went to the cities to earn money. The entrepreneur was forced to set wages at such a level that it ensured that the workers paid their dues to the landowner. It was difficult for a peasant otkhodnik to become a regular worker; he involuntarily maintained a strong connection with the village where his family remained. And he himself could be recalled by the landowner at any moment. The influx of labor into factories and manufactories was seasonal: during mass agricultural work, many returned to the village.
- The interests of the development of Russian industry required the liberation of the workforce, that is, the elimination of serfdom in the country.
- Specifics of Russian
- bourgeoisie
- Russian bourgeoisie of the first half of the 19th century. was formed from merchants and capitalist peasants. The serf entrepreneur started with several weaving looms, which he worked on together with his sons. Then, after a series of successful deals, he hired the first workers from among his fellow villagers, gradually expanding production. However, despite their wealth, they remained serfs and continued to be entirely dependent on the landowner, which often made their entrepreneurial activities extremely difficult. Most landowners preferred not to set free the rich serfs, even for a huge ransom, and annually collected many thousands of quitrents from them.
- Extensive development path
- THE INCREASE IN PRODUCTION WAS ONLY DUE TO THE EXPANSION OF THE CROPPED AREA
- (during the first half of the 19th century, the sown area increased by 1.5 rubles)
- THE FORMATION OF INDEPENDENT ECONOMIC REGIONS CONTRIBUTED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMMODITY AND MONEY RELATIONS IN THE COUNTRY.
- “CAPITALIST” PEASANTS ENGAGED IN TRADE, USURY, INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION (MOROZOVS, BAKHRUSHINS, ETC.)
- FORMS OF FEUDAL EXPLOITATION
- Corvée of a month dues
- (increased by 2.5-3.5 rubles)
- PAGE 69
- 1 GROUP.
- FROM THE DECREE OF NICHOLAS I ABOUT “OBLIGATED” PEASANTS.
- GROUP 2.
- FROM THE WORK OF HARRIED MANAGER U. KARPOVICH ABOUT PEASANT WORK.
- 3 GROUP.
- FROM THE ARTICLE OF LAND OWNER A.I. KOSHELEV ABOUT THE BENEFITS OF WILD LABOR. 1847
- answer the questions for the documents on page 70
- INCREASING THE NUMBER OF ENTERPRISES AND CHANGING THE NATURE OF WORK AT THEM
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- In the 30s XIX century The industrial revolution began in Russia. Its development was hampered by the weak development of credit (the creation of private credit banks was prohibited, and state-owned banks lent primarily to nobles on the security of their estates), and the virtual absence of a free labor market.
- HOW HAS THE TRADE TURNOVER OF THE NIZHNY NOVGOROD FAIR CHANGED?
- PROTECTIONISM
- POLICY OF PATRONING DOMESTIC MERCHANTS AND MANUFACTURERS, PROTECTING THEM FROM FOREIGN COMPETITION.
- MERCANTILISM
- POLICY OF MONEY ACCUMULATION IN THE COUNTRY. INCREASING EXPORTS OVER IMPORTS OR BY DIRECT PROHIBITION TO EXPORT MONEY FROM THE COUNTRY.
- What goods were imported and exported in Russia?
- DURING THE RULE OF NICHOLAS I ANNUAL TURNOVER INCREASED
- With 67 MILLION. RUB. SILVER UP TO 94 MILLION. RUB.
- THE SIZE OF MACHINERY AND INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT SUPPLIED TO RUSSIA INCREASED.
- THE EXPORT OF METAL AND LINEN PRODUCTS FROM RUSSIA HAS DECREASED.
- THE VOLUME OF BREAD EXPORTS INCREASED.
- DID THE LENGTH OF COMMUNICATION ROUTES MEET THE NEEDS OF THE COUNTRY'S ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT?
- WORKING WITH THE CARD
- IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE XIX CENTURY
- WE STARTED BUILDING
- HIGHWAYS.
- THEY HAVE INCREASED FROM 367 VERST
- UP TO 8515 VERST
- In Russia, as well as in other countries, capitalist forms of economy are spreading.
- Russia's growing lag behind the leading world powers pointed to the urgent need for socio-political changes in the country.
- The industrial revolution, against the backdrop of which the economy developed in the first half of the 19th century, made obvious the inhibitory role of serfdom for the further development of the country.
- INDUSTRIAL
- COUP
- The transition from manual labor to machine labor, and, accordingly, from manufactory to factory.
- CAPITALIST PEASANTS
- Rich peasants with large capital
- MONTH
- A type of corvee. The landowner took away their plots from the peasants, forcing them to work
- only on his land
- POSESSIONAL
- ENTERPRISES
- ENTERPRISES BUILT BY PRIVATE INDIVIDUALS WITH THE SUPPORT OF THE STATE.
- BOURGEOISIE
- OWNERS OF CAPITALIST
- PROLETARIAT
- CLASS OF HIRED WORKERS, DEprived of the means of production, who sell their labor force.
- Write an essay on the topic:
- "Results of the socio-economic development of Russia in the first half of the 19th century."
- POSESSIONAL ENTERPRISES
- ENTERPRISES BUILT BY PRIVATE INDIVIDUALS WITH THE SUPPORT OF THE STATE. The state gave the owners land, mines, peasants (possessions)
- MONTH
- A type of corvee.
- The landowner took away their plots from the peasants, forcing them to work only on his land. For this, he gave them a monthly allowance of food and clothing.
- INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
- The transition from manual labor to machine labor, and, accordingly, from manufactory to factory. It requires a developed market of free labor, therefore it cannot be fully accomplished in a feudal country.
- CREDIT
- Relationships arising when one person transfers funds or other valuables to another person, with the obligation to return them after a certain period of time with remuneration to the creditor (interest).
- CAPITALIST PEASANTS
- Rich peasants with large capital.
- DOMESTIC MANUFACTURE
- In Russia in the 18th – first half of the 19th centuries. manufacture created by a landowner who exploits the labor of serf workers and, as a rule, his own agricultural raw materials. It received particular development in the linen industry and distillation.
- CAPITALISM - SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC SYSTEM,
- BASED ON THE PRIVATE PROPERTY OF THE BOURGEOISIE IN
- PRODUCTION MEANS (PLANTS, MACHINES,
- EQUIPMENT) AND ON THE OPERATION OF HIRE LABOR.
- MANUFAKTURA IS AN ENTERPRISE FOUNDED
- ON THE DIVISION OF LABOR AND ON HAND CRAFT EQUIPMENT.
- BOURGEOISIE - OWNERS OF CAPITALIST
- ENTERPRISES, MANUFACTORIES, EXPLOITING THE LABOR OF HIRED WORKERS.
- THE PROLETARIAT IS A CLASS OF HIRED WORKERS DEprived of the means of production, who sell their labor and are exploited by the bourgeoisie.
- FACTORY
- A large enterprise based on the use of machines and division of labor.
- 1.From the office document of the estates of M.S. Vorontsova:
- “Rich peasants Yakov Bochkov and Nikonov rented land from the landowner in 1828. To pasture sheep, land worth 2,400 rubles, peasants Gavrila Belmesov and Semerikov also rented sheep for pasture for 1,600 rubles. They were also engaged in buying and selling land.”
- 2. From the description of the Spasskoye estate of the landowners Gagarins:
- “Prosperous peasants paid 23,400 rubles for renting 33 mills. In 1856, some peasants on the estate maintained 22 weaving establishments, with 7-13 looms in each.”
- WHAT PHENOMENA IN THE LIFE OF LANDSCAPE AND PEASANT FARMS DO DOCUMENTS EVIDENCE?
Socio-economic development of Russia in 1825-1855.
The beginning of the industrial revolution
Industrial Revolution - the transition from manual labor to machine production
Education new classes - the bourgeoisie and the proletariat
Changes in technology
The transition from an agricultural society to an industrial one
- Began under the conditions of maintaining the feudal-serf system
- Started and ended later than in Europe
- Until 1861 it manifested itself mainly on the technical side - transition from manual labor to machine labor
From the mid-30s. Railway construction began.
The first railway in Russia, Tsarskoye Selo, connected St. Petersburg, Tsarskoe Selo and Pavlovsk.
In 1848 it was launched Warsaw-Vienna railway, and in 1851 - Nikolaevskaya, connecting St. Petersburg and Moscow.
The first steam locomotive of the Nikolaev road
Nikolaevsky railway station building in Moscow
Serf labor and backward technology
Low profitability of landowners' estates
Income increase - due to an increase in corvee and quitrent
Ruin of peasant farms
Undermining the economic basis of serfdom
Landowners and peasants
Portraits serfs peasants (1830-1840s)
Penetration of commodity-money relations
Stratification of the peasantry
poor wealthy
(merchants, moneylenders, entrepreneurs)
Financial reform E. F. Kankrina 1839-1843
The main means of payment is the silver ruble
Exchange paper money for silver
Strengthening the monetary system
Height economy
E. F. Kankrin
INTERNAL POLICY1. Strengthening the management apparatus
(principle of personal power regime)
2. Codification of laws
3. Social sphere (strengthening positions
class support of the autocracy - the nobility)
4. The sphere of education and the press (danger
"freethinking)
5. Peasant question
6. Economic sphere
change, do not introduce anything new into
grounds, but only to support
existing order, fill in the gaps,
repair revealed dilapidations with help
practical legislation and all this
do without any participation from society, even with
suppression of public
independence, alone
government funds; but he doesn't
removed from the queue those burning questions that
were placed under the previous reign, and,
it seems that he understood their burning sensation even more strongly,
than its predecessor
(N.O. Klyuchevsky)
Governance reform
AlexanderKhristoforovich
Benckendorf
Economic development
The country began to take shape technicallyadvanced and competitive
industry, in particular textile and
sugar, production of products developed
made of metal, clothing, wood,
glass, porcelain, leather and others
products, began to produce our own
machines, tools and even locomotives.
From 1819 to 1859, production volume
cotton products in Russia
increased almost 30 times; volume
engineering products from 1830 to
1860s increased 33 times.
Economic development
For the first time in Russian history under Nicholas Iintensive construction began
paved highways: there were
Moscow - St. Petersburg routes were built,
Moscow - Irkutsk, Moscow - Warsaw. From
7,700 miles of highways built in
Russia by 1893, 5300 miles (about 70%)
was built in the period 1825-1860.
Construction of railways also began
expensive Built about 1000 versts
railway track, which gave an incentive
to the development of our own mechanical engineering. Nicholas I, having studied in detail the technical
data proposed for construction
railways, demanded expansion
Russian gauge compared to
European (1524 mm versus 1435 in Europe),
thereby eliminating the possibility of delivery
armed forces of a potential enemy
deep into Russia. Accepted by the Emperor
track width was suggested by the builder
roads by American engineer Whistler
and corresponded to what was accepted at that time
North America has a 5 foot gauge. A number of laws were passed to improve the situation of serfs.
Thus, landowners were strictly forbidden to sell peasants (without
land) and send them to hard labor (which was previously common practice);
serfs received the right to own land,
entrepreneurial activity and received relative
freedom of movement.
On the other hand, for the first time the state began to systematically monitor
to ensure that the rights of peasants are not violated by landowners (this
was one of the functions of the Third Department), and to punish
landowners for these violations. As a result of the application of penalties
attitude towards landowners at the end of the reign of Nicholas I under arrest
there were about 200 landowner estates, which greatly affected
the situation of the peasants and the psychology of the landowners. As V. wrote
Klyuchevsky, from the laws adopted under Nicholas I, two consequences followed:
completely new conclusions: firstly, that the peasants are not
the property of the landowner, and, above all, subjects of the state,
which protects their rights; secondly, that the personality of the peasant is not
is the private property of the landowner that they are connected between
represent a relationship to the landowner's land, from which it is impossible to drive
peasants
Thus, serfdom under Nicholas changed its
character - from the institution of slavery it actually turned into
the institution of rent in kind, which to some extent protected and
peasants' rights. For the first time there was a sharp reduction
number of serfs - their share
in the population of Russia, according to various estimates
decreased from 57-58% in 1811-1817 to
35-45% in 1857-1858 and they stopped
constitute the majority of the population.
Obviously, played a significant role
ending the practice of “distribution”
state peasants to landowners together
with the lands that flourished under the previous kings,
and the spontaneous liberation that began
peasants The situation of state peasants has improved,
whose numbers by the second half of the 1850s
years reached about 50% of the population. This
the improvement was mainly due to measures
undertaken by Count P. D. Kiselyov, who was responsible
for the management of state property. Yes, everyone
state peasants were allocated
own plots of land and forest plots, as well as
auxiliary
cash registers and bakery stores that provided
assistance to peasants with cash loans and grain in
in case of crop failure.
As a result of these measures, not only increased
the welfare of state peasants, but also treasury income from them
increased by 15-20%, tax arrears
decreased by half, and landless farm laborers,
eking out a miserable and dependent existence, to
in the mid-1850s there are practically none left, all
received land from the state